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J. Harold Ellens here explores the intriguing question of why, in John’s Gospel, Jesus called himself the “Son of Man,” virtually the only title he gave himself in the Fourth Gospel and a title virtually no one else ever used for him.

In Second Temple Judaism, there were several traditions about the Son of Man. In Ezekiel the term “son of man” means “mere mortal.” In Daniel, on the other hand, the Son of Man is a heavenly figure with authority to destroy evil and establish God’s reign on earth. In 1 Enoch, the Son of Man is a human being appointed by God as an eschatological judge. In Matthew, Mark, and Luke, the Son of Man is a man who builds the kingdom of God on earth. Jesus also depicts himself as the Suffering Servant who will die at the hands of the Jerusalem authorities and be exalted by God to heavenly status as the final Judge.

In this monograph, the focus is on the Son of Man in the Gospel of John. There is nothing of the Ezekiel tradition in John, but Daniel’s heavenly Son of Man is evident in the mind of this Gospel’s author, who envisages him as divine, of heavenly origin. Indeed, in John the Son of Man is the divine Logos, God’s revelation of himself. As against the Enochic and Synoptic Son of Man, the Johannine Son of Man is not a human being who is exalted to heaven and who will come again as the final Judge. He is a divine figure who descends to earth to remove evil now, by forgiving sins and by establishing God’s universal reign.

J. Harold Ellens is Research Scholar, Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

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